Occupational Guide and Definitions

for the Standard Occupational Classification system

A listing of the SOC occupational categories and subgroups

Click on SOC code to access the definitions of occupations in that group

Occupational Definitions

Note: Includes definitions for occupations that were not published due to insufficient survey response. For more information on the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system (including explanations, a User's Guide, and a complete listing of SOC occupations and definitions) visit the SOC page for the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

11-0000 Management Occupations

11-1000 Top Executives

11-1011 Chief Executives Determine and formulate policies and provide the overall direction of companies or private and public sector organizations within the guidelines set up by a board of directors or similar governing body. Plan, direct, or coordinate operational activities at the highest level of management with the help of subordinate executives and staff managers. Illustrative Examples: School Superintendent; Chief Operating Officer

11-1021 General and Operations Managers Plan, direct, or coordinate the operations of companies or public and private sector organizations. Duties and responsibilities include formulating policies, managing daily operations, and planning the use of materials and human resources, but are too diverse and general in nature to be classified in any one functional area of management or administration, such as personnel, purchasing, or administrative services. Include owners and managers who head small business establishments whose duties are primarily managerial. Exclude "First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Retail Sales Workers" (41-1011) and workers in other small establishments. Illustrative Examples: Industrial Organization Manager; District Manager; Department Store General Manager

11-1031 Legislators Develop laws and statutes at the Federal, State, or local level. Include only elected officials. Illustrative Examples: Representative; Council Member; Senator

11-2000 Advertising, Marketing, Promotions, Public Relations, and Sales Managers

11-2011 Advertising and Promotions Managers Plan and direct advertising policies and programs or produce collateral materials, such as posters, contests, coupons, or give-aways, to create extra interest in the purchase of a product or service for a department, an entire organization, or on an account basis. Illustrative Examples: Campaign Director; Circulation Director; Media Director

11-2021 Marketing Managers Determine the demand for products and services offered by a firm and its competitors and identify potential customers. Develop pricing strategies with the goal of maximizing the firm's profits or share of the market while ensuring the firm's customers are satisfied. Oversee product development or monitor trends that indicate the need for new products and services. Illustrative Examples: Fashion Coordinator; Marketing Director

11-2022 Sales Managers Direct the actual distribution or movement of a product or service to the customer. Coordinate sales distribution by establishing sales territories, quotas, and goals and establish training programs for sales representatives. Analyze sales statistics gathered by staff to determine sales potential and inventory requirements and monitor the preferences of customers. Illustrative Examples: Director of Sales; Export Manager; Regional Sales Manager

11-2031 Public Relations Managers Plan and direct public relations programs designed to create and maintain a favorable public image for employer or client; or if engaged in fundraising, plan and direct activities to solicit and maintain funds for special projects and nonprofit organizations. Illustrative Examples: Fundraising Director; Public Information Director; Publicity Director

11-3000 Operations Specialties Managers

11-3011 Administrative Services Managers Plan, direct, or coordinate supportive services of an organization, such as recordkeeping, mail distribution, telephone operator/receptionist, and other office support services. May oversee facilities planning and maintenance and custodial operations. Exclude "Purchasing Managers" (11-3061). Illustrative Examples: Facilities Manager; Space Officer

11-3021 Computer and Information Systems Managers Plan, direct, or coordinate activities in such fields as electronic data processing, information systems, systems analysis, and computer programming. Exclude "Computer Specialists" (15-1011 through 15-1099). Illustrative Examples: Data Processing Manager; Computer Programming Manager; Data Systems Manager

11-3031 Financial Managers Plan, direct, and coordinate accounting, investing, banking, insurance, securities, and other financial activities of a branch, office, or department of an establishment. Illustrative Examples: Bank Director; Comptroller; Budget Director

11-3041 (SOC code only) Compensation and Benefits Managers: Plan, direct, or coordinate compensation and benefits activities and staff of an organization. Include job analysis and position description managers.

11-3042 (SOC code only) Training and Development Managers: Plan, direct, or coordinate the training and development activities and staff of an organization.

11-3049 (SOC code only) Human Resources Managers, All OtherIllustrative Examples: Personnel Director

11-3051 Industrial Production Managers Plan, direct, or coordinate the work activities and resources necessary for manufacturing products in accordance with cost, quality, and quantity specifications. Illustrative Examples: Factory Superintendent; Plant Manager; Quality Control Manager

11-3061 Purchasing Managers Plan, direct, or coordinate the activities of buyers, purchasing officers, and related workers involved in purchasing materials, products, and services. Include wholesale or retail trade merchandising managers and procurement managers. Illustrative Examples: Director of Purchasing; Merchandise Manager; Procurement Manager

11-3071 Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers Plan, direct, or coordinate transportation, storage, or distribution activities in accordance with governmental policies and regulations. Include logistics managers. Illustrative Examples: Airport Manager; Schedule Planning Manager; Warehouse Manager

11-9000 Other Management Occupations

11-9011 Farm, Ranch, and Other Agricultural Managers On a paid basis, manage farms, ranches, aquacultural operations, greenhouses, nurseries, timber tracts, cotton gins, packing houses, or other agricultural establishments for employers. Carry out production, financial, and marketing decisions relating to the managed operations following guidelines from the owner. May contract tenant farmers or producers to carry out the day-to-day activities of the managed operation. May supervise planting, cultivating, harvesting, and marketing activities. May prepare cost, production, and other records. May perform physical work and operate machinery. Illustrative Examples: Fruit Grower; Farm Livestock Manager; Nursery and Greenhouse Manager

11-9021 Construction Managers Plan, direct, coordinate, or budget, usually through subordinate supervisory personnel, activities concerned with the construction and maintenance of structures, facilities, and systems. Participate in the conceptual development of a construction project and oversee its organization, scheduling, and implementation. Include specialized construction fields, such as carpentry or plumbing. Include general superintendents, project managers, and constructors who manage, coordinate, and supervise the construction process. Illustrative Examples: Masonry Contractor Administrator; Developer; General Contractor

11-9031 Education Administrators, Preschool and Child Care Center/Program Plan, direct, or coordinate the academic and nonacademic activities of preschool and child care centers or programs. Exclude "Preschool Teachers" (25-2011). Illustrative Examples: Director of Child Care Center; Head Start Director

11-9032 Education Administrators, Elementary and Secondary School Plan, direct, or coordinate the academic, clerical, or auxiliary activities of public or private elementary or secondary level schools. Illustrative Examples: Director of Physical Education; Curriculum Director; School Principal

11-9033 Education Administrators, Postsecondary Plan, direct, or coordinate research, instructional, student administration and services, and other educational activities at postsecondary institutions, including universities, colleges, and junior and community colleges. Illustrative Examples: Director of Student Affairs; Dean; Registrar

11-9041 Engineering Managers Plan, direct, or coordinate activities in such fields as architecture and engineering or research and development in these fields. Exclude "Natural Sciences Managers" (11-9121). Illustrative Examples: Engineering Research Manager; Safety Director; Technical Director

11-9051 Food Service Managers Plan, direct, or coordinate activities of an organization or department that serves food and beverages. Illustrative Examples: Banquet Director; Restaurant Manager; Catering Manager

11-9061 Funeral Directors Perform various tasks to arrange and direct funeral services, such as coordinating transportation of body to mortuary for embalming, interviewing family or other authorized person to arrange details, selecting pallbearers, procuring official for religious rites, and providing transportation for mourners. Illustrative Examples: Mortician; Funeral Home Manager; Undertaker

11-9071 Gaming Managers Plan, organize, direct, control, or coordinate gaming operations in a casino. Formulate gaming policies for their area of responsibility. Illustrative Examples: Casino Manager; Blackjack Manager; Dice Manager

11-9081 Lodging Managers Plan, direct, or coordinate activities of an organization or department that provides lodging and other accommodations. Exclude "Food Service Managers" (11-9051) in lodging establishments. Illustrative Examples: Director of Housing; Innkeeper; Hotel Manager

11-9111 Medical and Health Services Managers Plan, direct, or coordinate medicine and health services in hospitals, clinics, managed care organizations, public health agencies, or similar organizations. Illustrative Examples: Director of Occupational Therapy; Medical Records Administrator; Public Health Administrator

11-9121 Natural Sciences Managers Plan, direct, or coordinate activities in such fields as life sciences, physical sciences, mathematics, statistics, and research and development in these fields. Exclude "Engineering Managers" (11-9041) and "Computer and Information Systems Managers" (11-3021). Illustrative Examples: Geophysical Manager; Research and Development Director; Wildlife Manager

11-9131 Postmasters and Mail Superintendents Direct and coordinate operational, administrative, management, and supportive services of a U.S. post office; or coordinate activities of workers engaged in postal and related work in assigned post office.

11-9141 Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers Plan, direct, or coordinate selling, buying, leasing, or governance activities of commercial, industrial, or residential real estate properties. Include managers of homeowner and condominium associations, rented or leased housing units, buildings, or land (including rights-of-way). Illustrative Examples: Condominium Association Manager; Trailer Park Manager

11-9151 Social and Community Service Managers Plan, organize, or coordinate the activities of a social service program or community outreach organization. Oversee the program or organization's budget and policies regarding participant involvement, program requirements, and benefits. Work may involve directing social workers, counselors, or probation officers. Illustrative Examples: Child Welfare Director; Youth Program Director; Director of Casework Services

11-9199 Managers, All Other All managers not listed separately. Illustrative Examples: City Clerk; Publisher; Vocational Education Director; Communications Manager


13-0000 Business and Financial Operations Occupations

13-1000 Business Operations Specialists

13-1011 Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes Represent and promote artists, performers, and athletes to prospective employers. May handle contract negotiation and other business matters for clients. Illustrative Examples: Booking Agent; Boxing Promoter; Theatrical Agent

13-1021 Purchasing Agents and Buyers, Farm Products Purchase farm products either for further processing or resale. Include Christmas tree contractors, grain brokers and market operators, grain buyers, and tobacco buyers. Illustrative Examples: Cotton Broker; Livestock Buyer; Tobacco Buyer

13-1022 Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products Buy merchandise or commodities, other than farm products, for resale to consumers at the wholesale or retail level, including both durable and nondurable goods. Analyze past buying trends, sales records, price, and quality of merchandise to determine value and yield. Select, order, and authorize payment for merchandise according to contractual agreements. May conduct meetings with sales personnel and introduce new products. Include assistant buyers. Illustrative Examples: Importer; Merchandiser; Wholesale Jobber

13-1023 Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products Purchase machinery, equipment, tools, parts, supplies, or services necessary for the operation of an establishment. Purchase raw or semi-finished materials for manufacturing. Include contract specialists, field contractors, purchasers, price analysts, tooling coordinators, and media buyers. Exclude "Purchasing Agents and Buyers, Farm Products" (13-1021) and "Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products" (13-1022). Illustrative Examples: Fuel Buyer; Lumber Buyer; Radio Time Buyer

13-1031 Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators Review settled claims to determine that payments and settlements have been made in accordance with company practices and procedures, ensuring that proper methods have been followed. Report overpayments, underpayments, and other irregularities. Confer with legal counsel on claims requiring litigation. Illustrative Examples: Health Insurance Adjuster; Arson Investigator; Claims Agent

13-1032 Insurance Appraisers, Auto Damage Appraise automobile or other vehicle damage to determine cost of repair for insurance claim settlement and seek agreement with automotive repair shop on cost of repair. Prepare insurance forms to indicate repair cost or cost estimates and recommendations. Illustrative Example: Auto Damage Estimator

13-1041 Compliance Officers, Except Agriculture, Construction, Health and Safety, and Transportation Examine, evaluate, and investigate eligibility for or conformity with laws and regulations governing contract compliance of licenses and permits, and other compliance and enforcement inspection activities not classified elsewhere. Exclude "Tax Examiners, Collectors, and Revenue Agents" (13-2081) and "Financial Examiners" (13-2061). Illustrative Examples: Truant Officer; Coroner; Inspector of Weights and Measures

13-1051 Cost Estimators Prepare cost estimates for product manufacturing, construction projects, or services to aid management in bidding on or determining price of product or service. May specialize according to particular service performed or type of product manufactured. Illustrative Examples: Construction Estimator; Crating and Moving Estimator; Job Estimator

13-1061 Emergency Management Specialists Coordinate disaster response or crisis management activities, provide disaster preparedness training, and prepare emergency plans and procedures for natural (e.g., hurricanes, floods, earthquakes), wartime, or technological (e.g., nuclear power plant emergencies, hazardous materials spills) disasters or hostage situations. Illustrative Examples: Director of Civil Defense; Public Safety Director

13-1071 Employment, Recruitment, and Placement Specialists Recruit and place workers. Illustrative Examples: Employment Interviewer; Personnel Recruiter; Placement Assistant

13-1072 Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists Conduct programs of compensation and benefits and job analysis for employer. May specialize in specific areas, such as position classification and pension programs. Illustrative Examples: Occupational Analyst; Relocation Director; Wage Conciliator

13-1073 Training and Development Specialists Conduct training and development programs for employees. Illustrative Examples: Training Coordinator; Workforce Development Specialist; Supervisor, Training Personnel

13-1111 Management Analysts Conduct organizational studies and evaluations, design systems and procedures, conduct work simplifications and measurement studies, and prepare operations and procedures manuals to assist management in operating more efficiently and effectively. Include program analysts and management consultants. Exclude "Computer Systems Analysts" (15-1051) and "Operations Research Analysts" (15-2031). Illustrative Examples: Business Consultant; Industrial Analyst

13-1121 Meeting and Convention Planners Coordinate activities of staff and convention personnel to make arrangements for group meetings and conventions. Illustrative Examples: Conference Planner; Conference Service Coordinator; Convention Manager

13-1199 Business Operations Specialists, All Other All business operations specialists not listed separately. Illustrative Examples: Grant Coordinator; Purser; Logistician; Logistics Engineer; Employee Relations Specialist; Personnel Arbitrator; Human Resource specialists, not specified

13-2000 Financial Specialists

13-2011 Accountants and Auditors Examine, analyze, and interpret accounting records for the purpose of giving advice or preparing statements. Install or advise on systems of recording costs or other financial and budgetary data. Illustrative Examples: Bursar; Certified Public Accountant; Tax Accountant

13-2021 Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate Appraise real property to determine its fair value. May assess taxes in accordance with prescribed schedules. Illustrative Examples: Building Appraiser; County Assessor; Property Evaluator

13-2031 Budget Analysts Examine budget estimates for completeness, accuracy, and conformance with procedures and regulations. Analyze budgeting and accounting reports for the purpose of maintaining expenditure controls. Illustrative Examples: Budget Examiner; Fiscal Agent; Fiscal Officer

13-2041 Credit Analysts Analyze current credit data and financial statements of individuals or firms to determine the degree of risk involved in extending credit or lending money. Prepare reports with this credit information for use in decision-making. Illustrative Examples: Credit Negotiator; Escrow Representative; Factorer

13-2051 Financial Analysts Conduct quantitative analyses of information affecting investment programs of public or private institutions. Illustrative Examples: Bond Analyst; Investment Analyst; Securities Consultant

13-2052 Personal Financial Advisors Advise clients on financial plans utilizing knowledge of tax and investment strategies, securities, insurance, pension plans, and real estate. Duties include assessing clients' assets, liabilities, cash flow, insurance coverage, tax status, and financial objectives to establish investment strategies. Illustrative Examples: Budget Counselor; Financial Planner; Estate Planner

13-2053 Insurance Underwriters Review individual applications for insurance to evaluate degree of risk involved and determine acceptance of applications. Illustrative Examples: Bond Underwriter; Insurance Analyst

13-2061 Financial Examiners Enforce or ensure compliance with laws and regulations governing financial and securities institutions and financial and real estate transactions. May examine, verify correctness of, or establish authenticity of records. Illustrative Examples: Bank Examiner; Payroll Examiner; Pension Examiner

13-2071 Loan Counselors Provide guidance to prospective loan applicants who have problems qualifying for traditional loans. Guidance may include determining the best type of loan and explaining loan requirements or restrictions. Illustrative Examples: Credit Counselor; Farm Mortgage Agent; Financial Aid Counselor

13-2072 Loan Officers Evaluate, authorize, or recommend approval of commercial, real estate, or credit loans. Advise borrowers on financial status and methods of payments. Include mortgage loan officers and agents, collection analysts, loan servicing officers, and loan underwriters. Illustrative Examples: Loan Reviewer; Escrow Officer; Mortgage Consultant

13-2081 Tax Examiners, Collectors, and Revenue Agents Determine tax liability or collect taxes from individuals or business firms according to prescribed laws and regulations. Illustrative Examples: Tax Investigator; Revenue Agent; Tax Auditor

13-2082 Tax Preparers Prepare tax returns for individuals or small businesses but do not have the background or responsibilities of an accredited or certified public accountant. Illustrative Examples: Income Tax Advisor; Income Tax Consultant; Tax Specialist

13-2099 Financial Specialists, All Other All financial specialists not listed separately. Illustrative Examples: Bail Bondsman; Executor of Estate; Foreign Exchange Trader

15-0000 Computer and Mathematical Occupations

15-1000 Computer Specialists

15-1011 Computer and Information Scientists, Research Conduct research into fundamental computer and information science as theorists, designers, or inventors. Solve or develop solutions to problems in the field of computer hardware and software.

15-1021 Computer Programmers Convert project specifications and statements of problems and procedures to detailed logical flow charts for coding into computer language. Develop and write computer programs to store, locate, and retrieve specific documents, data, and information. May program web sites. Illustrative Examples: Computer Programmer Aide; Mainframe Programmer; Systems Programmer

15-1031 Computer Software Engineers, Applications Develop, create, and modify general computer applications software or specialized utility programs. Analyze user needs and develop software solutions. Design software or customize software for client use with the aim of optimizing operational efficiency. May analyze and design databases within an application area, working individually or coordinating database development as part of a team. Exclude "Computer Hardware Engineers" (17-2061). Illustrative Examples: Applications Developer; Programmer Analyst; Software Designer

15-1032 Computer Software Engineers, Systems Software Research, design, develop, and test operating systems-level software, compilers, and network distribution software for medical, industrial, military, communications, aerospace, business, scientific, and general computing applications. Set operational specifications and formulate and analyze software requirements. Apply principles and techniques of computer science, engineering, and mathematical analysis. Illustrative Example: EDP Systems Engineers

15-1041 Computer Support Specialists Provide technical assistance to computer system users. Answer questions or resolve computer problems for clients in person, via telephone or from remote location. May provide assistance concerning the use of computer hardware and software, including printing, installation, word processing, electronic mail, and operating systems. Exclude "Network and Computer Systems Administrators" (15-1071). Illustrative Examples: Customer Support Analyst; Help Desk Technician; Work Station Support Specialist

15-1051 Computer Systems Analysts Analyze science, engineering, business, and all other data processing problems for application to electronic data processing systems. Analyze user requirements, procedures, and problems to automate or improve existing systems and review computer system capabilities, workflow, and scheduling limitations. May analyze or recommend commercially available software. Exclude persons working primarily as "Engineers" (17-2011 through 17-2199), "Mathematicians" (15-2021), or "Scientists" (19-1011 through 19-3099). May supervise computer programmers. Illustrative Examples: Health Systems Computer Analyst; Data Processing Systems Project Planner; Information Systems Consultant

15-1061 Database Administrators Coordinate changes to computer databases, test and implement the database applying knowledge of database management systems. May plan, coordinate, and implement security measures to safeguard computer databases. Illustrative Examples: Automatic Data Processing Planner; Data Base Design Analyst; Database Security Administrator

15-1071 Network and Computer Systems Administrators
Install, configure, and support an organization's local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), and Internet system or a segment of a network system. Maintain network hardware and software. Monitor network to ensure network availability to all system users and perform necessary maintenance to support network availability. May supervise other network support and client server specialists and plan, coordinate, and implement network security measures. Exclude "Computer Support Specialists" (15-1041). Illustrative Examples: LAN/WAN Administrator; Network Control Operator; Network Security Administrator

15-1081 Network Systems and Data Communications Analysts Analyze, design, test, and evaluate network systems, such as local area networks (LAN), wide area networks (WAN), Internet, intranet, and other data communications systems. Perform network modeling, analysis, and planning. Research and recommend network and data communications hardware and software. Include telecommunications specialists who deal with the interfacing of computer and communications equipment. May supervise computer programmers. Illustrative Examples: Internet Developer; Systems Integrator; Webmaster

15-1099 Computer Specialists, All Other All computer specialists not listed separately. Illustrative Example: Computer Laboratory Technician

15-2000 Mathematical Scientists

15-2011 Actuaries Analyze statistical data, such as mortality, accident, sickness, disability, and retirement rates and construct probability tables to forecast risk and liability for payment of future benefits. May ascertain premium rates required and cash reserves necessary to ensure payment of future benefits. Illustrative Example: Actuarial Mathematician

15-2021 Mathematicians Conduct research in fundamental mathematics or in application of mathematical techniques to science, management, and other fields. Solve or direct solutions to problems in various fields by mathematical methods. Illustrative Examples: Algebraist; Cipher Expert; Cryptographer

15-2031 Operations Research Analysts Formulate and apply mathematical modeling and other optimizing methods using a computer to develop and interpret information that assists management with decision making, policy formulation, or other managerial functions. May develop related software, service, or products. Frequently concentrates on collecting and analyzing data and developing decision support software. May develop and supply optimal time, cost, or logistics networks for program evaluation, review, or implementation. Illustrative Examples: Procedure Analyst; Method Consultant; Standards Analyst

15-2041 Statisticians Engage in the development of mathematical theory or apply statistical theory and methods to collect, organize, interpret, and summarize numerical data to provide usable information. May specialize in fields, such as bio-statistics, agricultural statistics, business statistics, economic statistics, or other fields. Include mathematical statisticians. Illustrative Examples: Biometrician; Sampling Expert; Statistical Analyst.

15-3000 Mathematical Technicians

15-3011 Mathematical Technicians Apply standardized mathematical formulas, principles, and methodology to technological problems in engineering and physical sciences in relation to specific industrial and research objectives, processes, equipment, and products.

15-9099 All Other Mathematical Occupations Illustrative Examples: Geometrician; Weight Analyst

17-0000 Architecture and Engineering Occupations

17-1000 Architects, Surveyors, and Cartographers

17-1011 Architects, Except Landscape and Naval Plan and design structures, such as private residences, office buildings, theaters, factories, and other structural property. Illustrative Examples: Architectural Designer; Building Consultant; Site Planner

17-1012 Landscape Architects Plan and design land areas for such projects as parks and other recreational facilities, airports, highways, hospitals, schools, land subdivisions, and commercial, industrial, and residential sites.
Illustrative Examples: Environmental Planner; Land Planner; Landscape Designer

17-1021 Cartographers and Photogrammetrists Collect, analyze, and interpret geographic information provided by geodetic surveys, aerial photographs, and satellite data. Research, study, and prepare maps and other spatial data in digital or graphic form for legal, social, political, educational, and design purposes. May work with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). May design and evaluate algorithms, data structures, and user interfaces for GIS and mapping systems. Illustrative Examples: Field Map Editor; Mapper; Topographer

17-1022 Surveyors
Make exact measurements and determine property boundaries. Provide data relevant to the shape, contour, gravitation, location, elevation, or dimension of land or land features on or near the earth's surface for engineering, mapmaking, mining, land evaluation, construction, and other purposes. Illustrative Examples: Geodetic Surveyor; Land Examiner; Mineral Surveyor

17-1099 All Other Architects, Surveyors, and Cartographers

17-2000 Engineers

17-2011 Aerospace Engineers Perform a variety of engineering work in designing, constructing, and testing aircraft, missiles, and spacecraft. May conduct basic and applied research to evaluate adaptability of materials and equipment to aircraft design and manufacture. May recommend improvements in testing equipment and techniques. Illustrative Examples: Aerodynamicist; Flight Test Engineer; Aeronautical Engineer

17-2021 Agricultural Engineers Apply knowledge of engineering technology and biological science to agricultural problems concerned with power and machinery, electrification, structures, soil and water conservation, and processing of agricultural products. Illustrative Examples: Farm Equipment Engineer; Agricultural Research Engineer

17-2031 Biomedical Engineers Apply knowledge of engineering, biology, and biomechanical principles to the design, development, and evaluation of biological and health systems and products, such as artificial organs, prostheses, instrumentation, medical information systems, and heath management and care delivery systems. Illustrative Example: Orthopedic Designer

17-2041 Chemical Engineers Design chemical plant equipment and devise processes for manufacturing chemicals and products, such as gasoline, synthetic rubber, plastics, detergents, cement, paper, and pulp, by applying principles and technology of chemistry, physics, and engineering. Illustrative Examples: Absorption and Adsorption Engineer; Explosives Engineer; Fuels Engineer

17-2051 Civil Engineers Perform engineering duties in planning, designing, and overseeing construction and maintenance of building structures, and facilities, such as roads, railroads, airports, bridges, harbors, channels, dams, irrigation projects, pipelines, power plants, water and sewage systems, and waste disposal units. Include architectural, structural, traffic, ocean, and geo-technical engineers. Exclude "Hydrologists" (19-2043). Illustrative Examples: Bridge Engineer; Construction Engineer; Concrete Engineer

17-2061 Computer Hardware Engineers Research, design, develop, and test computer or computer-related equipment for commercial, industrial, military, or scientific use. May supervise the manufacturing and installation of computer or computer-related equipment and components. Exclude "Computer Software Engineers, Applications" (15-1031) and "Computer Software Engineers, Systems Software" (15-1032).

17-2071 Electrical Engineers Design, develop, test, or supervise the manufacturing and installation of electrical equipment, components, or systems for commercial, industrial, military, or scientific use. Exclude "Computer Hardware Engineers" (17-2061). Illustrative Examples: Power Distribution Engineer; Illuminating Engineer; Relay Engineer

17-2072 Electronics Engineers, Except Computer Research, design, develop, and test electronic components and systems for commercial, industrial, military, or scientific use utilizing knowledge of electronic theory and materials properties. Design electronic circuits and components for use in fields such as telecommunications, aerospace guidance and propulsion control, acoustics, or instruments and controls. Exclude "Computer Hardware Engineers" (17-2061). Illustrative Examples: Communications Engineer; Circuit Design Engineer; Guidance and Control Systems Engineer

17-2081 Environmental Engineers Design, plan, or perform engineering duties in the prevention, control, and remediation of environmental health hazards utilizing various engineering disciplines. Work may include waste treatment, site remediation, or pollution control technology. Illustrative Examples: Soil Engineer; Industrial Hygiene Engineer; Pollution Control Engineer

17-2111 Health and Safety Engineers, Except Mining Safety Engineers and Inspectors Promote worksite or product safety by applying knowledge of industrial processes, mechanics, chemistry, psychology, and industrial health and safety laws. Include industrial product safety engineers. Illustrative Examples: Fire-Protection Engineer; Industrial Health Engineer Product Safety Engineer

17-2112 Industrial Engineers Design, develop, test, and evaluate integrated systems for managing industrial production processes including human work factors, quality control, inventory control, logistics and material flow, cost analysis, and production coordination. Exclude "Health and Safety Engineers, Except Mining Safety Engineers and Inspectors" (17-2111). Illustrative Examples: Packaging Engineer; Time Study Engineer; Plant Engineer

17-2121 Marine Engineers and Naval Architects Design, develop, and evaluate the operation of marine vessels, ship machinery, and related equipment, such as power supply and propulsion systems. Illustrative Examples: Marine Architect; Port Engineer; Ship Surveyor

17-2131 Materials Engineers Evaluate materials and develop machinery and processes to manufacture materials for use in products that must meet specialized design and performance specifications. Develop new uses for known materials. Include those working with composite materials or specializing in one type of material, such as graphite, metal and metal alloys, ceramics and glass, plastics and polymers, and naturally occurring materials. Include metallurgists and metallurgical engineers, ceramic engineers, and welding engineers. Illustrative Examples: Ceramic Engineer; Corrosion Engineer; Metallurgical Engineer

17-2141 Mechanical Engineers Perform engineering duties in planning and designing tools, engines, machines, and other mechanically functioning equipment. Oversee installation, operation, maintenance, and repair of such equipment as centralized heat, gas, water, and steam systems. Illustrative Examples: Combustion Engineer; Plant Equipment Engineer; Hydraulic Engineer

17-2151 Mining and Geological Engineers, Including Mining Safety Engineers Determine the location and plan the extraction of coal, metallic ores, nonmetallic minerals, and building materials, such as stone and gravel. Work involves conducting preliminary surveys of deposits or undeveloped mines and planning their development; examining deposits or mines to determine whether they can be worked at a profit; making geological and topographical surveys; evolving methods of mining best suited to character, type, and size of deposits; and supervising mining operations. Illustrative Examples: Exploration Engineer; Mineral Engineer; Mine Equipment Design Engineer

17-2161 Nuclear Engineers Conduct research on nuclear engineering problems or apply principles and theory of nuclear science to problems concerned with release, control, and utilization of nuclear energy and nuclear waste disposal. Illustrative Examples: Atomic Process Engineer; Radiation Engineer; Reactor Engineer

17-2171 Petroleum Engineers Devise methods to improve oil and gas well production and determine the need for new or modified tool designs. Oversee drilling and offer technical advice to achieve economical and satisfactory progress. Illustrative Examples: Drilling Engineer; Natural Gas Engineer; Oil Well Surveying Engineer

17-2199 Engineers, All Other All engineers not listed separately. Illustrative Examples: Optical Engineer; Salvage Engineer; Ordnance Engineer

17-3000 Drafters, Engineering, and Mapping Technicians

17-3011 Architectural and Civil Drafters Prepare detailed drawings of architectural and structural features of buildings or drawings and topographical relief maps used in civil engineering projects, such as highways, bridges, and public works. Utilize knowledge of building materials, engineering practices, and mathematics to complete drawings. Illustrative Example: Structural Drafter

17-3012 Electrical and Electronics Drafters Prepare wiring diagrams, circuit board assembly diagrams, and layout drawings used for manufacture, installation, and repair of electrical equipment in factories, power plants, and buildings.

17-3013 Mechanical Drafters Prepare detailed working diagrams of machinery and mechanical devices, including dimensions, fastening methods, and other engineering information. Illustrative Examples: Die Designer; Aeronautical Drafter

17-3021 Aerospace Engineering and Operations Technicians Operate, install, calibrate, and maintain integrated computer/communications systems consoles, simulators, and other data acquisition, test, and measurement instruments and equipment to launch, track, position, and evaluate air and space vehicles. May record and interpret test data. Illustrative Examples: Wind Tunnel Technician; Flight Data Technician; Altitude Chamber Technician

17-3022 Civil Engineering Technicians Apply theory and principles of civil engineering in planning, designing, and overseeing construction and maintenance of structures and facilities under the direction of engineering staff or physical scientists. Illustrative Example: Highway Technician

17-3023 Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technicians Apply electrical and electronic theory and related knowledge, usually under the direction of engineering staff, to design, build, repair, calibrate, and modify electrical components, circuitry, controls, and machinery for subsequent evaluation and use by engineering staff in making engineering design decisions. Exclude "Broadcast Technicians" (27-4012). Illustrative Examples: Calibration Laboratory Technician; Semiconductor Development Technician; Instrumentation Technician

17-3024 Electro-Mechanical Technicians Operate, test, and maintain unmanned, automated, servo-mechanical, or electromechanical equipment. May operate unmanned submarines, aircraft, or other equipment at worksites, such as oil rigs, deep ocean exploration, or hazardous waste removal. May assist engineers in testing and designing robotics equipment.

17-3025 Environmental Engineering Technicians Apply theory and principles of environmental engineering to modify, test, and operate equipment and devices used in the prevention, control, and remediation of environmental pollution, including waste treatment and site remediation. May assist in the development of environmental pollution remediation devices under direction of engineer. Illustrative Examples: Air Analysis Technician; Soil Technician

17-3026 Industrial Engineering Technicians Apply engineering theory and principles to problems of industrial layout or manufacturing production, usually under the direction of engineering staff. May study and record time, motion, method, and speed involved in performance of production, maintenance, clerical, and other worker operations for such purposes as establishing standard production rates or improving efficiency. Illustrative Examples: Methods Study Analyst; Quality Control Technician; Time Study Analyst

17-3027 Mechanical Engineering Technicians Apply theory and principles of mechanical engineering to modify, develop, and test machinery and equipment under direction of engineering staff or physical scientists. Illustrative Examples: Heat Transfer Technician; Optomechanical Technician; Tool Analyst

17-3031 Surveying and Mapping Technicians Perform surveying and mapping duties, usually under the direction of a surveyor, cartographer, or photogrammetrist to obtain data used for construction, mapmaking, boundary location, mining, or other purposes. May calculate mapmaking information and create maps from source data, such as surveying notes, aerial photography, satellite data, or other maps to show topographical features, political boundaries, and other features. May verify accuracy and completeness of topographical maps. Exclude "Surveyors" (17-1022), "Cartographers and Photogrammetrists" (17-1021), and "Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers" (19-2042). Illustrative Examples: Cartographic Technician; Map Drafter; Stereo Map Plotter Operator

17-3099 All Other Drafters, Engineering, and Mapping Technicians Illustrative Examples: Geological Drafter; Hull Drafter; Laser Specialist; Metallurgical Technician; Material Stress Tester

19-0000 Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations

19-1000 Life Scientists

19-1011 Animal Scientists: Conduct research in the genetics, nutrition, reproduction, growth & development of domestic farm animals.

19-1012 Food Scientists and Technologists: Use chemistry, microbiology, engineering, and other sciences to study the principles underlying the processing and deterioration of foods; analyze food content to determine levels of vitamins, fat, sugar, and protein; discover new food sources; research ways to make processed foods safe, palatable, and healthful; and apply food science knowledge to determine best ways to process, package, preserve, store, and distribute food.

19-1013 Soil and Plant Scientists: Conduct research in breeding, physiology, production, yield, and management of crops and agricultural plants, their growth in soils, and control of pests; or study the chemical, physical, biological, and mineralogical composition of soils as they relate to plant or crop growth. May classify and map soils and investigate effects of alternative practices on soil and crop productivity. Illustrative Examples: Dairy Scientist; Food Scientists;; Agronomist; Plant Pathologist; Pomologist

19-1021 Biochemists and Biophysicists Study the chemical composition and physical principles of living cells and organisms, their electrical and mechanical energy, and related phenomena. May conduct research to further understanding of the complex chemical combinations and reactions involved in metabolism, reproduction, growth, and heredity. May determine the effects of foods, drugs, serums, hormones, and other substances on tissues and vital processes of living organisms.

19-1022 Microbiologists Investigate the growth, structure, development, and other characteristics of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, algae, or fungi. Include medical microbiologists who study the relationship between organisms and disease or the effects of antibiotics on microorganisms. Illustrative Examples: Bacteriologist; Cytologist; Virologist

19-1023 Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists Study the origins, behavior, diseases, genetics, and life processes of animals and wildlife. May specialize in wildlife research and management, including the collection and analysis of biological data to determine the environmental effects of present and potential use of land and water areas. Illustrative Examples: Ecologist; Herpetologist; Ornithologist

19-1031 Conservation Scientists Manage, improve, and protect natural resources to maximize their use without damaging the environment. May conduct soil surveys and develop plans to eliminate soil erosion or to protect rangelands from fire and rodent damage. May instruct farmers, agricultural production managers, or ranchers in best ways to use crop rotation, contour plowing, or terracing to conserve soil and water; in the number and kind of livestock and forage plants best suited to particular ranges; and in range and farm improvements, such as fencing and reservoirs for stock watering. Exclude "Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists" (19-1023) and "Foresters" (19-1032). Illustrative Examples: Range Manager; Conservation Officer

19-1032 Foresters Manage forested lands for economic, recreational, and conservation purposes. May inventory the type, amount, and location of standing timber, appraise the timber's worth, negotiate the purchase, and draw up contracts for procurement. May determine how to conserve wildlife habitats, creek beds, water quality, and soil stability, and how best to comply with environmental regulations. May devise plans for planting and growing new trees, monitor trees for healthy growth, and determine the best time for harvesting. Develop forest management plans for public and privately owned forested lands. Illustrative Examples: Forest Ecologist; Timber Management Specialist

19-1041 Epidemiologists Investigate and describe the determinants and distribution of disease, disability, and other health outcomes and develop the means for prevention and control. Illustrative Example: Malariologist

19-1042 Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists Conduct research dealing with the understanding of human diseases and the improvement of human health. Engage in clinical investigation or other research, production, technical writing, or related activities. Include medical scientists such as physicians, dentists, public health specialists, pharmacologists, and medical pathologists. Exclude practitioners who provide medical or dental care or dispense drugs. Illustrative Examples: Cancer Researcher; Toxicologist; Virologist

19-1099 Life Scientists, All Other All life scientists not listed separately. Illustrative Examples: Biological Scientist, not specified; Paleobotanist; Geneticist

19-2000 Physical Scientists

19-2011 Astronomers Observe, research, and interpret celestial and astronomical phenomena to increase basic knowledge and apply such information to practical problems.

19-2012 Physicists Conduct research into the phases of physical phenomena, develop theories and laws on the basis of observation and experiments, and devise methods to apply laws and theories to industry and other fields. Illustrative Examples: Fluid Dynamicist; Rheologist; Thermodynamicist

19-2021 Atmospheric and Space Scientists Investigate atmospheric phenomena and interpret meteorological data gathered by surface and air stations, satellites, and radar to prepare reports and forecasts for public and other uses. Include weather analysts and forecasters whose functions require the detailed knowledge of a meteorologist. Illustrative Examples: Climatologist; Meteorologist; Weather Forecaster

19-2031 Chemists Conduct qualitative and quantitative chemical analyses or chemical experiments in laboratories for quality or process control or to develop new products or knowledge. Exclude "Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers" (19-2042) and "Biochemists and Biophysicists" (19-1021). Illustrative Examples: Inorganic Chemist; Chemical Analyst

19-2032 Materials Scientists Research and study the structures and chemical properties of various natural and manmade materials, including metals, alloys, rubber, ceramics, semiconductors, polymers, and glass. Determine ways to strengthen or combine materials or develop new materials with new or specific properties for use in a variety of products and applications. Include glass scientists, ceramic scientists, metallurgical scientists, and polymer scientists.

19-2041 Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health Conduct research or perform investigation for the purpose of identifying, abating, or eliminating sources of pollutants or hazards that affect either the environment or the health of the population. Utilizing knowledge of various scientific disciplines may collect, synthesize, study, report, and take action based on data derived from measurements or observations of air, food, soil, water, and other sources. Exclude "Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists" (19-1023), "Conservation Scientists" (19-1031), "Forest and Conservation Technicians" (19-4093), "Fish and Game Wardens" (33-3031), and "Forest and Conservation Workers" (45-4011). Illustrative Examples: Environmental Analyst; Water Pollution Specialist

19-2042 Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers Study the composition, structure, and other physical aspects of the earth. May use geological, physics, and mathematics knowledge in exploration for oil, gas, minerals, or underground water; or in waste disposal, land reclamation, or other environmental problems. May study the earth's internal composition, atmospheres, oceans, and its magnetic, electrical, and gravitational forces. Include mineralogists, crystallographers, paleontologists, stratigraphers, geodesists, and seismologists. Illustrative Examples: Oceanographer; Paleontologist; Seismologist

19-2043 Hydrologists Research the distribution, circulation, and physical properties of underground and surface waters; study the form and intensity of precipitation, its rate of infiltration into the soil, movement through the earth, and its return to the ocean and atmosphere. Illustrative Example: Hydrogeologist

19-2099 Physical Scientists, All Other All physical scientists not listed separately.


19-3000 Social Scientists and Related Workers

19-3011 Economists Conduct research, prepare reports, or formulate plans to aid in solution of economic problems arising from production and distribution of goods and services. May collect and process economic and statistical data using econometric and sampling techniques. Exclude "Market Research Analysts" (19-3021). Illustrative Examples: Econometrician; Economic Research Analyst; Industrial Economist

19-3021 Market Research Analysts Research market conditions in local, regional, or national areas to determine potential sales of a product or service. May gather information on competitors, prices, sales, and methods of marketing and distribution. May use survey results to create a marketing campaign based on regional preferences and buying habits. Illustrative Examples: Advertising Analyst; Marketing Consultant; Marketing Forecaster

19-3022 Survey Researchers Design or conduct surveys. May supervise interviewers who conduct the survey in person or over the telephone. May present survey results to client. Exclude "Statisticians" (15-2041), "Economists" (19-3011), and "Market Research Analysts" (19-3021). Illustrative Example: Pollster

19-3031 Clinical, Counseling, and School Psychologists Diagnose and treat mental disorders; learning disabilities; and cognitive, behavioral, and emotional problems using individual, child, family, and group therapies. May design and implement behavior modification programs. Illustrative Examples: Vocational Psychologist; Child Psychologist

19-3032 Industrial-Organizational Psychologists Apply principles of psychology to personnel, administration, management, sales, and marketing problems. Activities may include policy planning; employee screening, training and development; and organizational development and analysis. May work with management to reorganize the work setting to improve worker productivity. Illustrative Example: Engineering Psychologist

19-3041 Sociologists Study human society and social behavior by examining the groups and social institutions that people form, as well as various social, religious, political, and business organizations. May study the behavior and interaction of groups, trace their origin and growth, and analyze the influence of group activities on individual members. Illustrative Examples: Criminologist; Penologist; Social Welfare Research Worker

19-3051 Urban and Regional Planners Develop comprehensive plans and programs for use of land and physical facilities of local jurisdictions, such as towns, cities, counties, and metropolitan areas. Illustrative Example: City Planner

19-3091 Anthropologists and Archeologists Study the origin, development, and behavior of humans. May study the way of life, language, or physical characteristics of existing people in various parts of the world. May engage in systematic recovery and examination of material evidence, such as tools or pottery remaining from past human cultures, in order to determine the history, customs, and living habits of earlier civilizations. Illustrative Example: Political Anthropologist

19-3092 Geographers Study nature and use of areas of earth's surface, relating and interpreting interactions of physical and cultural phenomena. Conduct research on physical aspects of a region, including land forms, climates, soils, plants and animals, and conduct research on the spatial implications of human activities within a given area, including social characteristics, economic activities, and political organization, as well as researching interdependence between regions at scales ranging from local to global.

19-3093 Historians Research, analyze, record, and interpret the past as recorded in sources, such as government and institutional records, newspapers and other periodicals, photographs, interviews, films, and unpublished manuscripts, such as personal diaries and letters. Illustrative Examples: Genealogist; Historical Society Director

19-3094 Political Scientists Study the origin, development, and operation of political systems. Research a wide range of subjects, such as relations between the United States and foreign countries, the beliefs and institutions of foreign nations, or the politics of small towns or a major metropolis. May study topics, such as public opinion, political decision making, and ideology. May analyze the structure and operation of governments, as well as various political entities. May conduct public opinion surveys, analyze election results, or analyze public documents. Illustrative Examples: Political Analyst; Political Consultant

19-3099 Social Scientists and Related Workers, All Other All social scientists and related workers not listed separately. Illustrative Examples: Ethnologist; Linguist; Philologist Social Psychologist; Psychometrist; Psychologists, not specified

19-4000 Life, Physical, and Social Science Technicians

19-4011 Agricultural and Food Science Technicians Work with agricultural scientists in food, fiber, and animal research, production, and processing; assist with animal breeding and nutrition work; under supervision, conduct tests and experiments to improve yield and quality of crops or to increase the resistance of plants and animals to disease or insects. Include technicians who assist food scientists or food technologists in the research, development, production technology, quality control, packaging, processing, and use of foods. Illustrative Examples: Inseminator; Feed Research Technician; Dairy Technologist

19-4021 Biological Technicians Assist biological and medical scientists in laboratories. Set up, operate, and maintain laboratory instruments and equipment, monitor experiments, make observations, and calculate and record results. May analyze organic substances, such as blood, food, and drugs. Illustrative Examples: Biotechnologist; Wildlife Technician Specimen Technician

19-4031 Chemical Technicians Conduct chemical and physical laboratory tests to assist scientists in making qualitative and quantitative analyses of solids, liquids, and gaseous materials for purposes, such as research and development of new products or processes, quality control, maintenance of environmental standards, and other work involving experimental, theoretical, or practical application of chemistry and related sciences. Illustrative Examples: Assayer; Fiber Analyst; Paint Tester

19-4041 Geological and Petroleum Technicians Assist scientists in the use of electrical, sonic, or nuclear measuring instruments in both laboratory and production activities to obtain data indicating potential sources of metallic ore, gas, or petroleum. Analyze mud and drill cuttings. Chart pressure, temperature, and other characteristics of wells or bore holes. Investigate and collect information leading to the possible discovery of new oil fields. Illustrative Examples: Field Scout; Crude Tester; Seismic Observer

19-4051 Nuclear Technicians Assist scientists in both laboratory and production activities by performing technical tasks involving nuclear physics, primarily in operation, maintenance, production, and quality control support activities. Illustrative Examples: Accelerator Operator; Radiation Monitor

19-4091 Environmental Science and Protection Technicians, Including Health Performs laboratory and field tests to monitor the environment and investigate sources of pollution, including those that affect health. Under direction of an environmental scientist or specialist, may collect samples of gases, soil, water, and other materials for testing and take corrective actions as assigned. Illustrative Example: Pollution Control Technician

19-4092 Forensic Science Technicians Collect, identify, classify, and analyze physical evidence related to criminal investigations. Perform tests on weapons or substances, such as fiber, hair, and tissue to determine significance to investigation. May testify as expert witnesses on evidence or crime laboratory techniques. May serve as specialists in area of expertise, such as ballistics, fingerprinting, handwriting, or biochemistry. Illustrative Examples: Ballistic Expert; Fingerprint Classifier; Polygraph Examiner

19-4093 Forest and Conservation Technicians Compile data pertaining to size, content, condition, and other characteristics of forest tracts, under direction of foresters; train and lead forest workers in forest propagation, fire prevention and suppression. May assist conservation scientists in managing, improving, and protecting rangelands and wildlife habitats, and help provide technical assistance regarding the conservation of soil, water, and related natural resources. Illustrative Examples: Grazing Examiner; Soil Tester; Tree Warden

19-4099 Life, Physical, and Social Science Technicians, All Other All life, physical, and social science technicians not listed separately. Illustrative Examples: Social Science Research Assistant; City Planning Aide; Economic Research Assistant; Historian Research Assistant; Radiographer; Laser Technician; Meteorological Aide

21-0000 Community and Social Services Occupations

21-1000 Counselors, Social Workers, and Other Community and Social Service Specialists

21-1011 Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselors Counsel and advise individuals with alcohol, tobacco, drug, or other problems, such as gambling and eating disorders. May counsel individuals, families, or groups or engage in prevention programs. Exclude "Social Workers" (21-1021 through 21-1029), "Psychologists" (19-3031 through 19-3039), and "Mental Health Counselors" (21-1014) providing these services. Illustrative Examples: Addiction Counselor; Chemical Dependency Counselor; Drug Counselor

21-1012 Educational, Vocational, and School Counselors Counsel individuals and provide group educational and vocational guidance services. Illustrative Examples: Curriculum Counselor; Guidance Counselor; Educational Adviser

21-1013 Marriage and Family Therapists Diagnose and treat mental and emotional disorders, whether cognitive, affective, or behavioral, within the context of marriage and family systems. Apply psychotherapeutic and family systems theories and techniques in the delivery of professional services to individuals, couples, and families for the purpose of treating such diagnosed nervous and mental disorders. Exclude "Social Workers" (21-1021 through 21-1029) and "Psychologists" of all types (19-3031 through 19-3039). Illustrative Examples: Family Counselor; Marriage Counselor

21-1014 Mental Health Counselors Counsel with emphasis on prevention. Work with individuals and groups to promote optimum mental health. May help individuals deal with addictions and substance abuse; family, parenting, and marital problems; suicide; stress management; problems with self-esteem; and issues associated with aging and mental and emotional health. Exclude "Social Workers" (21-1021 through 21-1029), "Psychiatrists" (29-1066), and "Psychologists" (19-3031 through 19-3039).

21-1015 Rehabilitation Counselors Counsel individuals to maximize the independence and employability of persons coping with personal, social, and vocational difficulties that result from birth defects, illness, disease, accidents, or the stress of daily life. Coordinate activities for residents of care and treatment facilities. Assess client needs and design and implement rehabilitation programs that may include personal and vocational counseling, training, and job placement. Illustrative Examples: Coordinator of Rehabilitation Services; Homemaking Rehabilitation Consultant

21-1021 Child, Family, and School Social Workers Provide social services and assistance to improve the social and psychological functioning of children and their families and to maximize the family well-being and the academic functioning of children. May assist single parents, arrange adoptions, and find foster homes for abandoned or abused children. In schools, they address such problems as teenage pregnancy, misbehavior, and truancy. May also advise teachers on how to deal with problem children. Illustrative Examples: Adoption Agent; Child Abuse Worker; Foster Care Worker

21-1022 Medical and Public Health Social Workers Provide persons, families, or vulnerable populations with the psychosocial support needed to cope with chronic, acute, or terminal illnesses, such as Alzheimer's, cancer, or AIDS. Services include advising family care givers, providing patient education and counseling, and making necessary referrals for other social services. Illustrative Examples: Bereavement Counselor; Hospice Social Worker; Medical Caseworker

21-1023 Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers Assess and treat individuals with mental, emotional, or substance abuse problems, including abuse of alcohol, tobacco, and/or other drugs. Activities may include individual and group therapy, crisis intervention, case management, client advocacy, prevention, and education.Illustrative Examples: Community Mental Health Worker; Psychiatric Social Worker

21-1091 Health Educators Promote, maintain, and improve individual and community health by assisting individuals and communities to adopt healthy behaviors. Collect and analyze data to identify community needs prior to planning, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating programs designed to encourage healthy lifestyles, policies and environments. May also serve as a resource to assist individuals, other professionals, or the community, and may administer fiscal resources for health education programs. Illustrative Examples: Public Health Advisor; Public Health Representative

21-1092 Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists Provide social services to assist in rehabilitation of law offenders in custody or on probation or parole. Make recommendations for actions involving formulation of rehabilitation plan and treatment of offender, including conditional release and education and employment stipulations. Illustrative Examples: Attendance Officer; Parole Officer; Truant Officer

21-1093 Social and Human Service Assistants Assist professionals from a wide variety of fields, such as psychology, rehabilitation, or social work, to provide client services, as well as support for families. May assist clients in identifying available benefits and social and community services and help clients obtain them. May assist social workers with developing, organizing, and conducting programs to prevent and resolve problems relevant to substance abuse, human relationships, rehabilitation, or adult daycare. Exclude "Rehabilitation Counselors" (21-1015), "Personal and Home Care Aides" (39-9021), "Eligibility Interviewers, Government Programs" (43-4061), and "Psychiatric Technicians" (29-2053). Illustrative Examples: Case Aide; Home Visitor; Human Services Worker.

21-2000 Religious Workers

21-2011 Clergy Conduct religious worship and perform other spiritual functions associated with beliefs and practices of religious faith or denomination. Provide spiritual and moral guidance and assistance to members. Illustrative Examples: Bishop; Parish Priest; Rabbi

21-2021 Directors, Religious Activities and Education Direct and coordinate activities of a denominational group to meet religious needs of students. Plan, direct, or coordinate church school programs designed to promote religious education among church membership. May provide counseling and guidance relative to marital, health, financial, and religious problems. Illustrative Examples: Director of Religious Education; Minister of Education; Youth Director

21-9099 All Other Counselors, Social and Religious Workers Illustrative Examples: Race Relations Advisor; Welfare Investigator; Case Supervisor; Veteran's Service Officer; Community Organization Worker
23-0000 Legal Occupations

23-1000 Lawyers, Judges, and Related Workers

23-1000 Lawyers, Judges, and Related Workers

23-1011 Lawyers Represent clients in criminal and civil litigation and other legal proceedings, draw up legal documents, and manage or advise clients on legal transactions. May specialize in a single area or may practice broadly in many areas of law. Illustrative Examples: Attorney; Real Estate Attorney; Corporate Counsel

23-1021 Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers Conduct hearings to decide or recommend decisions on claims concerning government programs or other government-related matters and prepare decisions. Determine penalties or the existence and the amount of liability, or recommend the acceptance or rejection of claims, or compromise settlements. Illustrative Examples: Adjudicator; Traffic Court Referee

23-1022 Arbitrators, Mediators, and Conciliators Facilitate negotiation and conflict resolution through dialogue. Resolve conflicts outside of the court system by mutual consent of parties involved. Illustrative Example: Ombudsman

23-1023 Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates Arbitrate, advise, adjudicate, or administer justice in a court of law. May sentence defendant in criminal cases according to government statutes. May determine liability of defendant in civil cases. May issue marriage licenses and perform wedding ceremonies. Illustrative Examples: Circuit Court Judge; Jurist; Justice

23-2000 Legal Support Workers

23-2011 Paralegals and Legal Assistants Assist lawyers by researching legal precedent, investigating facts, or preparing legal documents. Conduct research to support a legal proceeding, to formulate a defense, or to initiate legal action. Illustrative Examples: Legal Assistant; Legal Investigator

23-2091 Court Reporters Use verbatim methods and equipment to capture, store, retrieve, and transcribe pretrial and trial proceedings or other information. Include stenocaptioners who operate computerized stenographic captioning equipment to provide captions of live or prerecorded broadcasts for hearing-impaired viewers. Illustrative Examples: Court Transcriber; Stenocaptioner; Mask Reporter

23-2092 Law Clerks Assist lawyers or judges by researching or preparing legal documents. May meet with clients or assist lawyers and judges in court. Exclude "Lawyers" (23-1011) and "Paralegals and Legal Assistants" (23-2011). Illustrative Example: Legal Clerk

23-2093 Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers Search real estate records, examine titles, or summarize pertinent legal or insurance details for a variety of purposes. May compile lists of mortgages, contracts, and other instruments pertaining to titles by searching public and private records for law firms, real estate agencies, or title insurance companies. Illustrative Examples: Abstract Clerk; Escrow Officer; Lien Searcher

25-0000 Education, Training, and Library Occupations

25-1000 Postsecondary Teachers

25-1011 Business Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses in business administration and management, such as accounting, finance, human resources, labor relations, marketing, and operations research. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research. Illustrative Examples: Accounting Teacher; Marketing Teacher; Shorthand Teacher

25-1021 Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses in computer science. May specialize in a field of computer science, such as the design and function of computers or operations and research analysis. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research.

25-1022 Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses pertaining to mathematical concepts, statistics, and actuarial science and to the application of original and standardized mathematical techniques in solving specific problems and situations. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research. Illustrative Examples: Actuarial Science Teacher; Calculus Teacher; Geometry Teacher

25-1031 Architecture Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses in architecture and architectural design, such as architectural environmental design, interior architecture/design, and landscape architecture. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research. Illustrative Example: Landscape Architecture Teacher

25-1032 Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses pertaining to the application of physical laws and principles of engineering for the development of machines, materials, instruments, processes, and services. Include teachers of subjects, such as chemical, civil, electrical, industrial, mechanical, mineral, and petroleum engineering. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research. Exclude "Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary" (25-1021). Illustrative Examples: Aeronautics Engineering Teacher; Civil Engineering Teacher; Electrical Engineering Teacher

25-1041 Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses in the agricultural sciences. Include teachers of agronomy, dairy sciences, fisheries management, horticultural sciences, poultry sciences, range management, and agricultural soil conservation. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research. Illustrative Examples: Dairy Science Teacher; Farm Management Teacher; Agricultural Soil Conservation Teacher

25-1042 Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses in biological sciences. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research. Illustrative Examples: Bacteriology Teacher; Biochemistry Teacher; Genetics Teacher

25-1043 Forestry and Conservation Science Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses in environmental and conservation science. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research. Exclude "Agricultural Science Teachers" (25-1041). Illustrative Examples: Forest Management Teacher; Forest Pathology Teacher

25-1051 Atmospheric, Earth, Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses in the physical sciences, except chemistry and physics. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching, and those who do a combination of both teaching and research. Illustrative Examples: Climatology Teacher; Geology Teacher; Oceanography Teacher

25-1052 Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses pertaining to the chemical and physical properties and compositional changes of substances. Work may include instruction in the methods of qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching, and those who do a combination of both teaching and research. Exclude "Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary" (25-1042) who teach biochemistry. Illustrative Examples: Food Technology Teacher; Pharmacognosy Teacher

25-1053 Environmental Science Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses in environmental science. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research.

25-1054 Physics Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses pertaining to the laws of matter and energy. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research. Illustrative Examples: Aerodynamics Teacher; Ballistics Teacher; Thermodynamics Teacher

25-1061 Anthropology and Archeology Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses in anthropology or archeology. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research. Illustrative Example: Paleology Teacher

25-1062 Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Studies Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses pertaining to the culture and development of an area (e.g., Latin America), an ethnic group, or any other group (e.g., women's studies, urban affairs). Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research. Illustrative Example: Ethnology Teacher

25-1063 Economics Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses in economics. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research. Illustrative Examples: Agricultural Economics Teacher; Industrial Economics Teacher

25-1064 Geography Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses in geography. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research. Illustrative Example: Cartography Teacher

25-1065 Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses in political science, international affairs, and international relations. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research. Illustrative Examples: Government Teacher; International Relations Teacher; Public Policy Teacher

25-1066 Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses in psychology, such as child, clinical, and developmental psychology, and psychological counseling. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research. Illustrative Examples: Child Development Teacher; Human Relations Teacher; Applied Psychology Teacher

25-1067 Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses in sociology. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research.

25-1071 Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses in health specialties, such as veterinary medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, therapy, laboratory technology, and public health. Exclude "Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary" (25-1072) and "Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary" (25-1042) who teach medical science. Illustrative Examples: Pharmacology Teacher; Dentistry Teacher; Nutrition Teacher

25-1072 Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary Demonstrate and teach patient care in classroom and clinical units to nursing students. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research. Illustrative Examples: Registered Nursing Instructor; Practical Nursing Instructor; Nurses Aides Instructors

25-1081 Education Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses pertaining to education, such as counseling, curriculum, guidance, instruction, teacher education, and teaching English as a second language. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research.

25-1082 Library Science Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses in library science. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research. Illustrative Example: Teacher of Medical Record Librarians

25-1111 Criminal Justice and Law Enforcement Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses in criminal justice, corrections, and law enforcement administration. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research. Illustrative Examples: Criminology Teacher; Penology Teacher

25-1112 Law Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses in law. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research.

25-1113 Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses in social work. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research.

25-1121 Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses in drama, music, and the arts including fine and applied art, such as painting and sculpture, or design and crafts. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research. Illustrative Examples: Photography Teacher; Piano Teacher; Music Director

25-1122 Communications Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses in communications, such as organizational communications, public relations, radio/television broadcasting, and journalism. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research. Illustrative Examples: Journalism Teacher; Public Speaking Teacher

25-1123 English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses in English language and literature, including linguistics and comparative literature. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research. Illustrative Examples: Classics Teacher; Etymology Teacher; Creative Writing Teacher

25-1124 Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses in foreign (i.e., other than English) languages and literature. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research. Illustrative Examples: Arabic Teacher; Russian Teacher; Spanish Teacher

25-1125 History Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses in human history and historiography. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research.

25-1126 Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses in philosophy, religion, and theology. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research. Illustrative Examples: Divinity Teacher; Metaphysics Teacher; Theology Teacher

25-1191 Graduate Teaching Assistants Assist department chairperson, faculty members, or other professional staff members in college or university by performing teaching or teaching-related duties, such as teaching lower level courses, developing teaching materials, preparing and giving examinations, and grading examinations or papers. Graduate assistants must be enrolled in a graduate school program. Graduate assistants who primarily perform non-teaching duties, such as laboratory research, should be reported in the occupational category related to the work performed.

25-1192 Home Economics Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses in child care, family relations, finance, nutrition, and related subjects as pertaining to home management. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research. Illustrative Examples: Food and Nutrition Teacher; Sewing Teacher

25-1193 Recreation and Fitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary Teach courses pertaining to recreation, leisure, and fitness studies, including exercise physiology and facilities management. Include both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of both teaching and research. Illustrative Examples: Swimming Teacher; Leisure Studies Instructor

25-1194 Vocational Education Teachers, Postsecondary Teach or instruct vocational or occupational subjects at the postsecondary level (but at less than the baccalaureate) to students who have graduated or left high school. Include correspondence school instructors; industrial, commercial and government training instructors; and adult education teachers and instructors who prepare persons to operate industrial machinery and equipment and transportation and communications equipment. Teaching may take place in public or private schools whose primary business is education or in a school associated with an organization whose primary business is other than education. Illustrative Examples: Real Estate Instructor; Auto Mechanics Teacher; Barbering Teacher

25-1199 Postsecondary Teachers, All Other All postsecondary teachers not listed separately. Illustrative Examples: Interior Design Teacher; Military Science Teacher; Urban Planning Teacher; Labor Relations Teacher; Survey Research Teacher

25-2000 Primary, Secondary, and Special Education School Teachers

25-2011 Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education Instruct children (normally up to 5 years of age) in activities designed to promote social, physical, and intellectual growth needed for primary school in preschool, day care center, or other child development facility. May be required to hold State certification. Exclude "Child Care Workers" (39-9011) and "Special Education Teachers" (25-2041 through 25-2043). Illustrative Examples: Head Start Teacher; Childhood Development Teacher; Nursery School Teacher

25-2012 Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education Teach elemental natural and social science, personal hygiene, music, art, and literature to children from 4 to 6 years old. Promote physical, mental, and social development. May be required to hold State certification. Exclude "Special Education Teachers" (25-2041 through 25-2043).

25-2021 Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education Teach pupils in public or private schools at the elementary level basic academic, social, and other formative skills. Exclude "Special Education Teachers" (25-2041 through 25-2043).

25-2022 Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Vocational Education Teach students in public or private schools in one or more subjects at the middle, intermediate, or junior high level, which falls between elementary and senior high school as defined by applicable State laws and regulations. Exclude "Middle School Vocational Education Teachers" (25-2023) and "Special Education Teachers" (25-2041 through 25-2043). Illustrative Example: Junior High School Teacher

25-2023 Vocational Education Teachers, Middle School Teach or instruct vocational or occupational subjects at the middle school level. Exclude "Special Education Teachers" (25-2041 through 25-2043)

25-2031 Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Vocational Education Instruct s